Would artificial gravity work in space using centrifugal force?

It's best achieved by using powerful vacuum suckers under the floor. This is way cheaper than the rotating axles, which nobody has even made or seen properly working.

Yes. Spinning a structure will push you toward the outer edge. This would feel just like gravity. The outer edge is the floor. 

No,

centrifugal force also involves coriolis forces which will cause disorientation to any inhabitants. As soon as an inhabitant tried to move away from or towards the axis of rotation (such as by standing up) they would experience a sideways force. This is very different to the gravity we experience on Earth.

Also the massive and heavy beams and girders required to build such a structure and hold it together against centrifugal force make it impractical.

It would make more sense to wear magnetic boots, as in all good sci-fi movies.

Yeah. Of course, that's literally how it's done already.

I wonder.

Has there been a centrifuge in space?

In space, it is possible to create "artificial gravity" by spinning your spacecraft or space station. When the station spins, centrifugal force acts to pull the inhabitants to the outside. This process could be used to simulate gravity.

Basically yes but it isn't exactly the same as the experience we get on earth.  The issue is that when the radius and period of rotation is small (compared to 4000 miles and one day) you get exaggerated effects that you don't see on Earth. 

One effect is a gradient of gravity that is notable as you move "up" and "down". So standing up out of a chair may make your stomach turn over and give a rush of blood to the head. Another is that the inertial paths of dropped objects will not be straight down since the "higher" inner radius is smaller than the outer "floor". 

In the extreme, an object dropped from near the centre of rotation would appear to orbit overhead as it slowly descended.

If we ever get the technology, it would be far preferable to just maintain an acceleration of 1g.

Yes. It’s been proven, during project Gemini.  The astronauts attached a tether to their Agena Docking target, then spun the two vessels - and created a small bit of gravity as they rotated.